Pain is a prevalent health problem, entailing severe personal and social impacts as well as high financial costs. However, pain management often remains inadequate. One important aspect of pain management is the estimation of pain by observers as potential caregivers. Others observing a person in pain can vary in the amount of pain they impute to a sufferer. It is reasonable to assume that such differences influence the responses to the sufferer, such as treatment choices or helping behaviour in the everyday social environment. Hence, insight into how pain estimations originate is essential.